Therefore bacteria in biofilms express genes differently when compared with similar bacteria as planktonic cells. Some of the genes that are up-regulated are involved in the secretion of EPS.

A biofilm may extend from just a few to hundreds of micrometers above a surface, but is equipped with many inherent adaptations that are not present in planktonic cells. Bacteria permeate ...

These cells are metabolically active, normal in size, and similar to planktonic organisms. The age of the biofilm also affects its susceptibility to antibiotics. Older (10-day-old) biofilms are ...

Unlike their planktonic counterparts, bacteria in biofilms are encapsulated in an extracellular matrix, a complex mixture of macromolecules (including DNA). We use biophotonics and soft matter ...

Besides intrinsic value, the biofilm-phage interactions can provide beneficial ... The presence of spatial restrictions in the interaction media, cell migrations, and planktonic proliferation can ...

rather than as "planktonic" or free-floating cells in liquid. [3] Micro-organisms commonly attach to living and nonliving surfaces, including medical devices, and form biofilms that lead to ...