Recent studies are, however, illustrating that three different mechanisms of airflow obstruction play a role in COPD pathogenesis. The first is the loss of support of the small airways in ...

In conclusion, Tim-3 was characterized as a novel immune checkpoint molecule with pathophysiological significance in respiratory oncology. Its stage-dependent expression dynamics and multimodal ...

The current pathophysiology of COPD encompasses three main characteristics: emphysema, chronic bronchitis and small airway disease. Macrophages and neutrophils are implicated in this process ...