are large herbivores that graze on the algae growing atop hard corals. Using their beaks and two pairs of crushing jaws, parrotfish are marvelously adapted for crunching and pulverizing chunks of ...

The polyps produce a hard outer skeleton made of calcium carbonate ... depending on the species. Together with coralline algae and other groups that produce limestone skeletons, corals gradually build ...

The reef is a teeming city of hard corals, soft corals, fire corals, lace corals, brain corals, staghorn corals, sea whips, sea fans, sea grapes, coralline algae, sponges. Taking refuge everywhere ...

He saw these crystals as he was wrapping up the first reaction of a synthetic route for making a part of a larger molecule. After such a surprising start, who knows what the rest of his synthesis has ...

The plugs are typically prepared with crustose coralline algae – CCA for short – a rock-hard calcareous red algae and most corals readily settle on that, Engelsma said. Pristine CCA won’t do ...

These marine invertebrate animals have hard exoskeletons made of calcium carbonate ... Assisted by other animals with calcium carbonate skeletons and also coralline algae, corals form complex, ...