Well-established scripting languages, like Python, can do system calls, read and write files or directories, and do all the things shell can do. Without workarounds like “% as a wildcard”.

Computer understands the language of 0's and 1's called binary language. In early days of computing, instruction are provided using binary language, which is difficult for all of us, to read and write ...

For example, there is $ sign in front of variables. This is in contrast to a typical programming language, where variables are names and strings are in some kind of quote marks. There are also ...

The UNIX shell is both a programming language and a command language. As a programming language, ... This is somewhat counterintuitive, and it's the exact opposite of most programming languages. For ...

Shell programming, which is a tool for programming sequences of programs, has been around since the dawn of time. It's one of the features that has given UNIX and then Linux such power.

BEGIN and END. Two unique patterns, BEGIN and END, execute commands before gawk starts processing the input and after it finishes processing the input.The gawk utility executes the actions associated ...